ABSTRACT
Both good and bad are the utilities of the object to the needs of the subject, as well as to the various forms of transformation of these needs in the subject’s consciousness, such as the subject’s desires and purposes, while the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject are the standard of good and bad: The utility of the object that is conducive to satisfying the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject is termed positive value, namely the so-called “good”; the utility of the object that an impediment to satisfying the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject is termed negative value, namely the so-called “bad.” “Good” is the utility of all things to the purposes of the subject, while “ought” is only the utility of action to the purposes of the subject. The “good of action” is also the so-called “ought,” which is the utility of action to all purposes and is the utility of action that conforms to those purposes; “right” is the moral good of action, wherein the utility of action is dependent on the goal of morality and conforms to it. “Right,” “ought,” and “good,” which refer to things that depend on the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject, are the utilities of the object to the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject, belonging to the category of value. Opposite to the category of value is the category of “fact” or “is,” which refers to things that are independent of the needs, desires, and purposes of the subject. Fact and value constitute the complete extension of the object, which is opposite to the subject. The subject, with its needs, desires, and purposes, is neither value nor fact, but the intermediary connecting the two. So as two opposite sides the object and subject then constitute all things.
