ABSTRACT
There are two main types of substance abuse problems that practitioners will encounter. The first set is the acute problems that occur during intoxication or withdrawal, including psychoses that may be triggered by the use of the substance. The second set refers to long-term problems and is classified by DSM-III-R in the section on psychoactive substance use disorders. Commonly abused substances are classed into depressants, stimulants and hallucinogens. Depressants are substances that reduce central nervous system activity, such as alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, narcotic analgesics and many inhalants. Stimulants produce signs of increased arousal and include caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines and cocaine. As the name suggests, hallucinogens provoke perceptual distortions. Most treatments for substance dependence are orientated towards abstinence. Due to the severe medical consequences that often accompany substance abuse, it is advisable to refer the client for a thorough medical examination. One way to increase social support is for clients to join a self-help group such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Al-Anon.
