ABSTRACT
This chapter shows that various pressures arose in the nineteenth century which induced the universities and industry to turn towards each other. The origin of the appointments boards in both universities created an important new device for a closer linking of the universities and industry which others soon copied. Because of the defects of the ancient universities, new civic universities in the North and Midlands arose, directly financed by industry and business and frequently owing their existence to them. The Welsh university colleges arose largely as an expression of Welsh national culture. They presented a pathological example of a university movement largely disengaged from industry and greatly weakened thereby. The pressures of war-time and the collaboration of university personnel with firms brought formal contacts between the universities and industry on a greater scale than had existed hitherto. In the inter-war years, in spite of depression, the progressive connection of the universities and industry continued in several areas.
