ABSTRACT
This chapter deals with the ways in which the colleges were created by industrial support and their resulting contributions to industry. The next deals with the output of students to industry, the consequential problems of excessive technology and interference from industry, and finally the special case of the University of London. On occasion it was national industrial support from outside the city concerned or sometimes a purely civic movement with no evident business initiative. The university movement thus benefited from this varied and scientific character of industry at a time of enormous civic pride embodied in the person of Joseph Chamberlain. Mason's College had been founded during his mayoralty and he played the central money-raising role in converting the college into the first independent civic university. The contributions of the civic universities to industry, even in their early days, were thus remarkable and of considerable importance.
