ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses mainly on the great significance of the Paris Agreement, the commitments of countries to reduce emissions, and the extraordinary urgency with which all country leaders have dedicated themselves to reducing dependency on fossil fuels. It provides evidence that unequivocally supports the full implementation of the Paris Agreement and countries meeting their targets. This requires collaboration on an unprecedented scale. The majority of countries have submitted plans—Nationally Deter mined Contributions—indicating how they will implement it. The chapter also includes some key provisions of the Paris Agreement. Before describing some of the consequences of planetary warming, it aims to describe the complicit roles of El Nino and La Nina. They are opposite phases of what is known as the El Nino-Southern Oscillation cycle—namely, fluctuating ocean temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. The warmer waters essentially slosh, or oscillate, back and forth across the Pacific, much like water in a bath-tub, causing variations in regional climate patterns.
