ABSTRACT
By the late 1970s, neoliberal critics were all too willing to point out some problems and conclude that self-reliance and import substitution were ineffective and counter-productive development models. In the Arusha Declaration of 1967, Nyerere had announced that Tanzania's self-reliance must be developed and that socio-economic inequalities had to be ended. After a period of political unrest and conflict, a former naval officer, Didier Ratsiraka, took power in June 1975, declaring that Madagascar's economy was to be brought under state control in order to enhance the country's development and self-reliance. Compared with Africa, most Latin American countries had a much longer experience in which to promote self-reliance. The early and mid-1970s were also the high point of the G-77 countries' efforts to enhance their self-reliance and political influence, and to reform a global economic order they considered to be unbalanced and unjust.
