ABSTRACT
Most historians who have studied the German Penetration Campaign generally agree that the intelligence obtained by them was limited. Of the approximately 100 German penetration missions that originated from the OSS London office, the completed TOOL missions manned by the German exiles clearly contributed to the Allied war effort. Since reduced radio usage ensured that German troop movements and locations were betrayed less often, the utility of the agency reports relative to ULTRA grew accordingly. In its final report to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Colonel G. Edward Buxton, the assistant director of the OSS and later as its action director of Strategic Services, praised the many agents of the German Penetration Campaign, including the men of the TOOL missions. Instead, some of the surviving agents of the TOOL missions, upon their eventual return to the Soviet zone in East Germany, were immediately suspected of disloyalty by their government.
