ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the role of low-resource cost sanctions in the setting of expected punishment. The efficiency of combining a low certainty of punishment with a high monetary fine is discussed, as are reasons for it generally being an impractical approach to deterring crime. Empirical studies are presented that examine the use of fines, as well as the role of adverse reputational effects, in deterring white-collar crime. The punitive role of shaming punishments, an alternative low-resource cost punishment, is also discussed. An empirical study of sexual offender registration and notification laws is discussed that illustrates a potential shortcoming of shaming punishments in this scenario.
