ABSTRACT
This chapter provides a common-factor approach to supervision, identifying common elements throughout all supervision models and an overview of developmental models of supervision. Supervision involves a relationship between a supervisor with greater experience in counseling and a supervisee with lesser experience. The basic tenets formulating developmental models of supervision are that supervisees continue to grow at individual paces with differing needs and differing styles of learning. B. W. McNeill and C. D. Stoltenberg added to the original model by suggesting that clinical supervision is critical to the outcome of therapy. The nine growth areas are: intervention, skill competence, assessment techniques, interpersonal assessment, client conceptualization, individual differences, theoretical orientation, treatment goals and plans, and professional ethics. All human beings and especially novice counselors and supervisees need to feel safe in the supervisory relationship to engage in constructive feedback and growth. The vagus nerve is the tenth cranial nerve starting at the base of the medulla oblongata and ending at the abdomen.
