ABSTRACT
In this chapter, the authors discuss anxiety's relation to two other emotions, guilt and depression, which are psychologically more complex and which are probably specifically human emotions. It concerned exclusively with human psychology and psychopathology and with states of mind that we know of only by introspection and empathy. The dependence of guilt on internalization and the development of symbolic thinking is responsible for the fact that guilt is experienced in its most exquisite forms by persons such as intellectuals, academics and religieux who are mentally highly developed and who appear to be able to dispense for long periods with direct human contact. It is, of course, possible for depression and grief to co-exist and, using the term in its widest sense of reduced vitality, depression is certainly an essential part of normal grief. Shame and guilt are, however, identical in respect of their relation to anxiety.
