ABSTRACT
Among the psychoanalysts who have dissented from the teachings of Freud, the most prominent and significant figure is Jung, and next in importance, Adler. More than any others, these two writers have contributed to check the necessarily difficult progress of the Freudian tide. From this standpoint, it seems to the author that Jung and Adler are, in the main, quite right in their general principles, and that their error consists in the dissent from Freud which they have assumed to be inevitable in the modifications of his principles as embodied in their respective teachings. Substitutive reactions of an analogous character - those in which the ego is overemphasised as a result of repression of the libido - had been long ago recognised by Freud. Such has been precisely the mechanism to which he long ago drew attention in his interpretation of paranoia, with its self-references, its ideas of persecution, its delusions of grandeur and its hypertrophy of the ego generally.
