ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the psychodynamic issues of immigrants and refugees. In 1974 Cesar Garza-Guerrero from Mexico, who was trained in the United States, wrote about immigrants who do not experience major trauma during dislocation. In the United States, three well-known psychoanalysts, Henri Parens, Anna Ornstein and Paul Ornstein wrote about their experiences as survivors of the Holocaust and refugees only after many decades had passed. The "Kleinian school" of psychoanalysis developed with many followers. It is true that psychoanalytic theories on aggression go all the way back to Freud's various thoughts on this topic before 1920, followed by his ideas about the "death instinct", a notion today's psychoanalytic literature has little use for. The Grinbergs refer to emigration as a traumatic experience that "comes under the heading of what have been called cumulative traumas and tension traumas, in which the subject's reactions are not always expressed or visible, but the effects of such trauma run deep and last long".
