ABSTRACT
Bishop Berkeley, prompted by the irreligion of Newton and his sponsor Edmund Halley, attacked certain illogicalities, notably circular argument, in Newton’s presentation of the differential calculus; his criticisms exercised mathematicians for over a century. The polemical tone gives it a column 2 category, denying, though he acknowledges the truth of Newton’s result, the validity of the method: the ironic tone denies the reality of “the ghosts of departed quantities”. Eckhart considers Godhead to contain all distinctions as yet undeveloped and to be Darkness and Formlessness. It cannot be the object of Knowledge until there flows out from it Trinity and the Trinity can be known. According to Kant the thing-in-itself cannot be known but secondary and primary qualities can be. With most patients it is easy to understand that his disabilities are a trial to himself and his associates but with a few his pain seems to matter far less to him than it does to everyone else.
