ABSTRACT
The information on the 'Time of War' is based on statements given by elderly informants. Unfortunately, however, owing to the length of time that has elapsed since the conquest, the information obtained was not sufficiently detailed, or susceptible of verification, to enable a detailed reconstruction to be made. The outline of the 'Time of War' which follows is the way in which the Fulbe view the past, and it is, in our opinion, a reasonably accurate account of the social and political reality of the period immediately preceding the Protectorate. The nature of extra-village relations of course varied locally, for Gwandu Emirate covers a wide area. In principle a clan head had to report serious crimes such, for example, as homicide, to the alkali's court at Gwandu. The British pacification of Gwandu and Kebbi in 1902 and of Sokoto in 1903 brought striking changes in the society.
