ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses in detail on the three main determinants that have influenced the global integration trends in the long term: technology, institutions and culture. It describes how these determinants transformed across time, and analyzes the mechanisms through which these variables have contributed to creating favorable conditions for a global economy (from the late 15th century, in the 19th and the 20th centuries, and in the 20th and 21st centuries), but have also done quite the opposite by contributing to a reversal of the globalization process (for instance, during the interwar years).
