ABSTRACT
In the technocratic-boss role, the emphasis is on using technology to control labor, reorganizing and deskilling the labor process, adopting incentives that spur individual performance, and promoting labor relations that reduce group solidarity and increase loyalty to employers. Paternalism and bossism permeated many welfare programs, including compulsory religious and patriotic observances; indoctrination in company policy; thrift clubs; emphasis on company and family loyalties; and lectures on alcohol, thrift, work habits, personal appearance, and conduct. Welfare capitalism was reshaped by the depression of the 1930s, the New Deal, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations, but it survived in company unionism, in the welfarism of nonunion employers, and in the "personnel management" movement. Unions complained that scientific management was not scientific, and a 1915 survey by the Commission on Industrial Relations found no uniformity in the uses of the system.
