ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on protecting the environment, on human health, and on the growing crisis of forced displacement of people. The linkage of health and human security was first made by the United Nations (UN) Security Council in a special session in January 2000 devoted to the challenge of HIV/AIDS. Traditionally, international peace and security has meant states' security and the defense of states' territorial integrity from external threats or attack. Some scholars have argued that the concept of human security lacks precision and is too expansive. Although some states and a few Non-Governmental Organisations recognized the need for environmental protection at the time, neither the League of Nations Covenant nor the UN Charter contained specific provisions to that effect. Arguably the refugee and migration crisis, alongside climate change, is one of the greatest challenges for international cooperation and human security for the foreseeable future.
