ABSTRACT
Economic development experts, politicians, and large segments of the general public became accustomed after 1950 to thinking of a world economically divided in two: there were industrialized societies, and there were others—underdeveloped or developing. By the late twentieth century a few African countries, such as Uganda and Botswana, were achieving substantial manufacturing growth, without, as yet, clearly moving to a full industrialization process. Exploitation of nonindustrial areas to serve needs in the industrialized societies persisted in the late twentieth century, although its dimensions changed somewhat. Many areas, though still lagging behind in outright industrialization, pulled away from the starkest kind of inequality; others seemed locked into the more familiar dependency and even faced growing poverty. Dependency showed, finally, in the rapidly growing rates of unemployment and underemployment, particularly for younger workers, in many parts of Africa and the Middle East, especially the regions that lacked substantial oil reserves.
