ABSTRACT
Development is a standard borne by those who would promote the interests of the affluent and the powerful as well as by those who would serve the unaffluent and the unpowerful. In social organization there had been a considerable breakdown of extended family or tribal ties and a partial regrouping in such organizations as unions and parties. In political organization, social and technological changes led generally to a weakening of regional caudillos or tribal leaders and to a greater concentration of power in the central government of the state. Population growth drops somewhat with urbanization with all its attendant problems, is hardly to be encouraged. Urbanization has made possible the provision of such amenities as electricity and running water and such service institutions as hospitals and public schools. The bottom-up approach, designated in the 1980s in its most elaborated and ambitious form as empowerment, calls for attention to health and education.
