ABSTRACT
The early-twentieth-century popular uprising against the tsarist government is known as the Revolution of 1905 because the peak of revolutionary activity occurred in that year. The Revolution of 1905 had succeeded in forcing the tsarist regime to make significant changes, but it had failed in its larger purpose of toppling the old structure entirely. In March 1905, the Union of Unions was formed to bring together over twenty professional associations of lawyers, doctors, engineers, and other occupations, and it sought similar reforms. In the beginning, the Russian state's war aims were simply to check the ambitions of Germany and Austria-Hungary, to fulfill its treaty obligations to France, and to defend its territory. With the Ottoman Empire's entry into the war, the empire added the goal of seizing the Bosphorus and the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. Mismanagement and inefficiency plagued the government's conduct of the war.
