ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the three most cogent, coherent, and influential arguments against the reality of race. First, geneticist Richard Lewontin has shown that only 15 percent of the variation within species is between races. Second, the late paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould argued that there has not been enough time for evolution to produce significant racial differences. Finally, evolutionary biologist fared Diamond has argued that the characteristics chosen to distinguish between races are arbitrary. The chapter explains that elapsed time does not determine the amount of change in traits that have survival value. It demonstrates the comparison of randomly chosen DNA variants produces the same races as the commotisense view, the art and literature of ancient, non-European civilizations, and anthropology. The discussion turns from matters of race on the outside to the matter of physical differences on the inside, with a major issue being the extent to which race should be a factor in medical practice.
