ABSTRACT
In Chapter Five, the author argues the multidimensional use of national spiritual guidance through songs dedicated to the spirit of Chaminuka in relation to mbira songs from the archive and in contrast to the unidirectional discourse of the mentioned songs by the postcolonial government. By analysing mbira songs from the sound archive, Chapter Five demonstrates that there were multiple interpretations of Shona spirituality in relation to mondoro spirits and not always centralised to the version provided by the ZANU-PF during independence.
