ABSTRACT
Chapter 5 shows the increasing confluence of national and international politics. Both the Habsburgs and their domestic opponents relied on cross-border alliances. Aided primarily by Spanish and Bavarian support, Ferdinand II established full control over the Austro-Bohemian lands. Exiled nobles were drawn to the army of Sweden’s King Gustavus Adolphus, who promised to restore their constitutional and religious prerogatives. National histories intertwined, and concepts of allegiance began to blur.
