ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on motivation from two perspectives: one perspective was external to the individual, and the other was internal. Expectancy theory explains different internal states of the process of motivation. The effort–performance expectancy is the perceived connection between an individual’s effort and performance. It describes four motivation theories that differ from the theories in, “Motivation: Need Theories.” The three cognitive process theories are expectancy theory, equity theory, and goal setting theory. Expectancy theory describes internal processes of choice among different behaviors. The first three theories use cognitive processes to explain human behavior. The fourth theory focuses on observable behavior, rather than cognitive processes. The chapter describes the theories which have two underlying assumptions that could restrict their application in countries outside the United States. The first assumption states that the individual controls decisions about future actions. The second assumption states that a manager can deliberately shape the behavior of employees.
