ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the diverse reactions of the affected villagers towards the rise of the ITP sector in Guangxi. This chapter argues the dichotomy of “exclusion versus inclusion” cannot fully capture the dynamics in this case: villagers who are incorporated in this crop boom do not necessarily benefit from it, thus they do not always embrace the development of this sector; while those who are excluded may not lose and then not resist against this crop boom under certain conditions. Thus, this chapter develops a more nuanced typology to better understand villagers’ different linkages with this crop boom and their varying interests. This typology (i.e. positive inclusion, passive inclusion, positive exclusion, and passive exclusion) is based on villagers’ distinct resource endowments (e.g. land, labour, and social resources) and their access to alternative livelihood opportunities, and considers the specific politico-economic environment that these land-based changes are embedded in, including relevant institutional settings, market access, and state intervention.
