ABSTRACT
This chapter outlines responsibilities of protection actors described in previous chapters. This chapter engages with diplomacy, mediation, and sanctions as response measures short of the use of force. The chapter explains central concepts, including preventive diplomacy, humanitarian diplomacy, and targeted sanctions. The chapter explains the difference between ‘track one’ and ‘track two’ diplomacy. The chapter then engages more thoroughly with a range of policy dilemmas, including the implications of engagement with armed factions; the pitfalls of quiet diplomacy; the problem of negotiating humanitarian access; and the unpredictable effects of sanctions regimes. Two cases, Kenya and Gambia, are explored in more detail to illustrate these points.
