Introduction

Economics is relevant to many aspects of scientific research, not just misconduct or other questionable research practices. In economics, additional episodes of replication failure have occurred, and major journals led by the publications of the American Economic Association have begun to require the submission of all data when peer review of all empirical manuscripts is initiated. An economic approach to understanding research ethics matters in science is fundamentally optimistic about science, even in the face of adversity, since it implies that a particular science can help understand those patterns of science more generally. Economics has spent centuries creating theories of individual and social behavior in normal settings, and more recently, those theories have been modified for non-standard or beyond the market human activities such as those which occur in education, healthcare, crime, law and economics, sports, and now science.