ABSTRACT
Science makes valuable contributions to solving difficult problems that humans inevitably encounter. An awareness of the extraordinary contributions of science forms the essential context for an appropriately measured concern with scientific misconduct and questionable research practices. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, episodes of scientific misconduct and questionable research practices occurred which drew widespread attention both internally within science and also externally in society at large. The economic model of an economy with a science-higher education sector and funding agencies was represented with cost and revenue equations both for research projects and for academic instruction. Misconduct studies and responsible research ethics for science could be the beginning of a research program with a positive heuristic.
