ABSTRACT
Banks make money by living off the spread between the interest charged on loans and what is paid out on deposits. During the pandemic, this spread was very low, but other banks survived by volume, that is, loaning out more and more money. Motivation refers to the energy a person is willing to devote to a task. This energy can be directed in a myriad of ways, but like a battery, people often run out of energy, and thus it is often difficult to sustain peak levels of motivation at every moment. The concept of valence is based on the assumption that, at any given time, a person prefers certain outcomes to others. Valence measures the satisfaction that the person anticipates receiving from a particular outcome. People differ greatly in their personal preferences. The importance of the need for security is evidenced by the fact that this is often the most critical role played by unions and collective bargaining agreements.
