Introduction

There are many possible explanations for the uniqueness of these works, which so impressed Fagg. The “freedom of expression” that attracted him could be the result of an apprentice’s efforts or work by an accomplished caster simply producing slightly different works, perhaps for a non-Edo patron. The vast majority of research and discussion about southern Nigerian copper-alloy cast arts has been devoted to the three major complexes of Igbo-Ukwu, Ife, and Benin. If Lower Niger Bronzes (LNBs) are mentioned at all, they are essentially marginalized as incidental works. Even the most impressive of “unclaimed” bronzes, such as those from Jebba and Tada, remain unstudied mysteries. The most numerous of LNBs are bells and are one of the most iconic forms.