ABSTRACT
This chapter looks at international, bilateral, multilateral, and transgovernmental relations by lining up two of the models from Chapter 2 so that the controller parts are facing each other. Focusing on state-to-state interactions between controllers of different states, the chapter looks at the same spectrum of policy domains examined in Part II. Each grey zone will be examined again from this international perspective. Issues to be discussed include: border, customs, refugee, and immigration control; foreign aid; sustainable development; international trade and commerce; free trade; economic and sociocultural policy harmonization; international diplomacy and summitry; foreign affairs and the United Nations; international security and cooperation; intelligence sharing; espionage; international law and criminal justice; international state and state-sponsored terrorism; the arms trade and WMD proliferation; military alliances and pacts; security regimes and security communities; arms races; peacekeeping/making; humanitarian intervention; low-intensity conflict; and war, imperialism, colonialism, and irredentism. State-to-state interactions are much more complex than a bilateral, “horizontal” relationship between two states implied by the term “state-to-state.” Governments are not monoliths but include different levels of bureaucracy that can interact with similar levels of government in other states. Supra-state entities, such as international or intergovernmental organizations, or regional organizations, are also considered.
