ABSTRACT
The final management activity is controlling—measuring achievement, comparing it with established objectives/goals and taking corrective action where necessary to align actual results with agreed objectives/goals. Controlling is designed to help in assessing if the organisation is progressing as it intends towards agreed outcomes. Organisational controls take many forms; they can be formal or informal, loose, or tight, centralised or decentralised and so on. In this chapter, we also consider corporate governance as a particular form of controlling.
