ABSTRACT
Basic fact fluency is a major part of second grade. Students should come into the grade having fluency within 10. Teachers should integrate fluency work throughout the year because students learn their basic facts at different times. Fluency is a multidimensional concept. This chapter details concrete, pictorial, and abstract activities that help scaffold students’ understanding of bridging through ten addition strategies. Students should practice these strategies using ten frames, rekenreks, and number lines. Bridging ten to subtract is an important strategy that students should get comfortable with in second grade. There are lots of prerequisite skills. Students have to know how to count back or up. They have to know how to decompose numbers. Teaching subtraction is foundational. Students need to actually do many subtraction problems on different models, including ten frame, rekenrek, and number lines. Depth of Knowledge is a framework that encourages teachers to ask questions that require that students think, reason, explain, defend, and justify their thinking.
