This chapter identifies the neurological correlates of the process of generating positive emotions and reducing negative ones. It provides evidence that while negative emotions are generated by the posterior region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), positive emotions are generated by the anterior part of this brain region. Further evidence is provided to show that positive reframing or reappraisal activates the ventral striatum, a region associated with goal-directed action and formation of habits.

More specifically, it is shown that abstract positive language such as that in which philosophical ideas and virtues are formulated (for instance, “freedom” and “courage”) is associated with generating positive interoceptive feelings through activation of the rostral anterior cingula. Accordingly, based on neurological evidence presented, the chapter advances the hypothesis that positive emotions can be increased while negative emotions decreased, through reframing or reappraisal in terms of the abstract, positive language of guiding virtues and their philosophies.

The chapter also provides neurological evidence that mindfulness meditation has the potential to “neutralize” negative emotions; and compassion-based meditation has the potential to generate positive emotions.