ABSTRACT
Viewing Abraham Lincoln as the paradigm for how American presidents deal with race, this chapter studies the racial attitudes and policies of each of the presidents, classifying them as white supremacist, racist, racially neutral, racially ambivalent, or antiracist. Donald Trump is the first president since Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) classified as both a racist and a white supremacist. This chapter also examines the representation of African Americans in the federal bureaucracy, and the role of the bureaucracy in implementing policies that advance or retard the quest for universal freedom.
