All of Xenophon’s Socratic writings, save the Memorabilia, begin with connectives that imply that they are part of some larger whole of Socratic works. The Memorabilia is thus an ambitious and comprehensive work on Socrates. Courtroom oratory naturally provides a major model for the Memorabilia, as it begins Xenophon’s effort to rebut the charges against Socrates, and returns to the trial at the end of the work. Vivienne Gray’s 1998 book, The Framing of Socrates: The Literary Interpretation of Xenophon’s Memorabilia, is the most important study of the literary form of the Memorabilia to date. The Socratic movement also provides a number of possible formal parallels for the basic format of the Memorabilia: multiple short conversations bundled into single books. Thus, all of the Memorabilia, and particularly all of the Memorabilia after the defense of Socrates in its first two chapters, is implicitly based on the narrator’s recollection of Socrates.