ABSTRACT
This introductory chapter focuses on the theory of evolution and how it explains evolution of Homo Sapiens, through natural selection, over millions of years. Evidence of common descent is provided by biogeography, anatomical evidence, the fossil record, and genetic evidence. Particular focus is given to development of adaptations toward bipedalism and use of the hands independent of locomotion, which lends itself to evolution of a larger brain and planning and language abilities. Evolution of human includes various hominid and Homo groups, including Sahelanthropus Tcadensis, Australopithecines, Homo Habilus, Homo Erectus, Homo Heidelbergensis, and our cousins, Neanderthalensis. Modern variations among humans, including skin color and body type, are discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the controversies surrounding evolutionary theory that originate from religion, including teaching of nonscientific theories (that are not testable) in science classes. “Inequalities & Injustices” addresses intimate partner violence in the cave based on the very large size and strength differences between women and men, while “Critical Thinking” addresses the top ten misunderstandings about evolution.
