ABSTRACT
Chapter 2 introduces the book’s theoretical apparatus, which is based on International Relations Constructivism and uses Jeffrey Checkel’s definition of Type I and Type II socialization. The state-society complex is chosen as the unit of analysis while emphasizing the important differences between the international socialization of elites and society, respectively; accordingly, both are regarded as autonomous international actors that are very differently influenced by China’s actions. International socialization is analyzed as an exercise of power and as production of power. Power itself is perceived as constitutive, not causal, and the importance of normative power for the construction of a new international order is explained. The mechanisms and conditions of international socialization are then scrutinized, with an emphasis on the three socialization processes – strategic calculation, cognitive role playing, and normative suasion – and on associated micro-processes. Finally, three theoretical and methodological sensitive issues are discussed: the relationship between elites and society, the way the degree of socialization can be measured, and the specific case of high-level bureaucrats. Overall, the chapter contributes to the development of the very limited theoretical literature that analyzes the international socialization of political elites by non-hegemonic great powers.
