ABSTRACT
Beginning in 1907, suffragists began to take to the streets, speaking on corners and marching in parades. These daring and dramatic new tactics demonstrated women’s resolve. The sight of thousands of women marching also dramatically proved that suffrage had become a mass movement. The parades reflected the diversity of the movement with Black, Chinese American, and Native women among the marchers. Yet, they also revealed the ways in which women of color were both excluded and included, most notably in Alice Paul’s Congressional Union’s attempt to exclude Ida B. Wells and other Black women from the 1913 march in Washington, DC.
