ABSTRACT
Whilst there may be some debate on the demographic determinants of support for populist radical right-wing parties, where there is a strong empirical and persistently replicated finding is on the issue of gender. Partisanship, emotive attachment to a particular party, tends to form during an individual’s formative years and, over time, individuals tend to become socialized into identifying with and voting for the same party. Political conflict has traditionally been shaped by sociological cleavages. One of these cleavages is constructed by social class, which involves an antagonistic relationship between capital and labour, the haves and have-nots, or aristocratic landowners and the working-class proletariat. The underperformance of VOX amongst Spain’s educated class may prove problematic for the party’s electoral longevity. Scholars are generally in agreement that a coalesced unidimensional left-right “super issue” fails to encompass the multidimensional nature of both electoral and party competition in European states.
