ABSTRACT
At a time when adolescents are trying to figure out who they are, the added pressure from questions about their gender and sexual orientation can be confusing. In this chapter, key terms are defined, including gender identity, gender expression, cisgender, transgender, transitioning, agender, androgynous, bigender, demigender, genderfluid/flux, and questioning. Sexual orientation refers to a person's emotional and sexual attraction to other people. Unfortunately, many non-binary youth experience heartbreaking levels of stress, anxiety, rejection, and fear in school. A recent study found 92.6% of transgender and gender non-conforming students reported depression, anxiety, or stress resulting from a negative school climate. Nearly 60% of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and questioning (LGBTQ) students experienced school as a hostile environment. Researchers found 70.1% of LGBTQ students heard homophobic remarks frequently or often; 36.7% were physically harassed; and nearly half reported being victims of cyberbullying. Gendered school practices and discriminatory school policies reinforce the gender binary and gender stereotyping in school. Students who feel safe and supported at school have better academic and psychological outcomes. Gender-expansive youth need access to a curriculum inclusive of LGBTQ-related topics; sensitive and supportive educators; and schoolwide anti-bullying/harassment policies.
