ABSTRACT
This chapter assesses the range of disinformation countermeasures that have been introduced or are in development across the world. We contextualise how various technological, audience-focused, and regulatory measures aim to intervene in the disinformation process by limiting the actions of bad actors, improving platform transparency, and providing support for audiences. However, these efforts are impeded by major gaps in our understanding of disinformation and its impacts. In particular, they are impeded by the platforms’ reluctance to provide comprehensive data to third-party researchers. As a case study, we review the EU’s response to disinformation as a multi-pronged approach that targets long-term and short-term objectives.
