ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the two main regional systems in operation present day—those applied under the Treaty of Tlatelolco and by European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM)—and how they differ from International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. The Treaty of Tlatelolco envisages two types of safeguards. All parties to the Treaty are required to conclude agreements with the IAEA for the application of safeguards to their nuclear activities. There are several important differences between the Treaty of Tlatelolco and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) in regard for instance to duration and withdrawal and in the way they deal with the ‘peaceful’ uses of nuclear explosives and permitted military uses. The EURATOM system is based on Rome Treaty concluded in 1957 between the then six members of European Economic Community. Even before IAEA-EURATOM agreement had been approved, Japanese officials made it clear that there was no prospect of Japan ratifying the NPT unless it were offered a similar agreement.
