ABSTRACT
The simplest way of defining the sociology of religion is to say that it is an application of sociological theories and methods to religious phenomena. The theories of Max Weber and E, Durkheim are examples of a tendency toward the substantive approach to religion; T. Luckmann and N. Luhmann are examples of sociologists who have adopted a more explicitly functional approach. The function of religion for Luhmann is to reduce uncertainty and complexity, to determine that which seems to be indeterminate, and to make accessible what seems to be inaccessible. Luhmann rejects the idea of an "integrating systemic function" for religion, which is typical of Durkheim's approach, and instead suggests giving attention to the difference between system and environment, and to processes of generating meaning. Luhmann argues: Functional analysis, in contrast with the definitive approach, allows and actually forces a radical reference to the underlying issues as regards entire categories of functional equivalents.
