ABSTRACT
This chapter draws out ideas from the case studies and interviews. In both South Africa and the United States (US) the struggle of ordinary people to resist systems of oppression has been a recurring source of societal change. In the United States ordinary people, especially black Americans, have regularly challenged the ongoing racist regime. Demands tor social justice are central to three centuries of movements against antiblack racism in the United States. Legal and institutional challenges to white racism, and protests by thousands of Americans of all backgrounds, brought major civil rights advances and the legal desegregation of many US institutions in the 1960s and 1970s. Organizations that exclude black employees or make them invisible lose valuable talents and resources that could be utilized to reach the organizations major economic or social goals. The costs of US racism can be viewed in a global perspective as well.
