ABSTRACT
For American white-collar criminality, the opportunities for smuggling tended to be contingent on a specific governmental action instigated by contemporary political circumstances and conflicts, war seemingly the primary cause. President Jefferson’s attempt to prevent the American merchant fleet from antagonizing stronger foreign states was but one case in point. The ensuing war with Britain was simply an archetype of the development of profit-making techniques during later conflicts. In both cases, the restrictions that created the opportunity for commercial profit from smuggling were short-lived, ending with peace and the reestablishment of commerce between the formerly belligerent powers.
