ABSTRACT
This chapter reviews codes that are often overlooked as part of nonverbal communication. It centers on the place code (environment and artifacts or objects) and on the time code (chronemics). Both of these codes can be meaningful in themselves, and they can also work to shape other nonverbal cues that are constrained or affected by them. The chapter overviews the origin and acquisition of each code; the features of each code; the norms, expectations, and standards of these codes; and the communication potential of physical environment, artifact, and time use. Whereas these codes have meaning potential to some degree, they play an additional role in shaping part of the context of and constraining the use of nonverbal cues and other aspects of our behavior.
