ABSTRACT
During the first three decades of the 21st century, governments in Western parliamentary democracies have introduced escalating measures that effectively outlaw many forms of protest, including rallies, demonstrations and actions that disrupt corporate operations. In addition, police powers have been boosted to shut down protests, and arrest or otherwise detain participants. As well, substantially increased penalties have been legislated, including lengthy jail terms, for those convicted of breaching these laws or related public order offences. While often said to be introduced in response to protest actions highlighting the growing dangers of government and business inaction or complicity regarding global climate change, many of these laws have potentially far broader scope. They can be used against manifestations of economic, political and social unrest that are seen as threats to the existing economic and political order.
