ABSTRACT
The epistle to the Romans may be considered to be at least in an indirect form evidence for the relations between Paul and the Jewish Christians. As far as the Jewish Christians were concerned there seems to have been no appeasement; on the contrary, defiance if not hostility seems to have only increased towards Paul at Jerusalem between 44 and 58, the date of his last visit there. It is not therefore a matter of luck that the documents which have survived to tell of the conflict between Jewish Christianity and Gentile Christianity which began at Antioch at the end of 43 represent it to be almost a personal quarrel between Paul on the one side and Peter and James on the other. But the conflict involved no question of Jewish ritualism and it was not any loyalty to Judaism which made the Quartodecians faithful to their traditional way of keeping the feast of Easter.
