ABSTRACT
The cumulative weight of the previous chapters reveals the difficulties which Jewish persons, Christians of Jewish ancestry, and foreign Jewish persons in Vichy France or political dissidents in prewar Germany faced from 1933–1945. These chapters also highlight to a lesser degree the challenges that France faced, particularly the hardship that average people confronted from extraordinary circumstances caused by the floods in October 1940 to the paucity of food that Toulousians experienced, 2 in part due to war and related black marketeering.
